AUTHOR=Klaassen Mattheüs F. , de Klerk Marry , Baas Marije C. , Bouwsma Hanneke , Bungener Laura B. , Christiaans Maarten H. L. , Dollevoet Twan , Glorie Kristiaan , Heidt Sebastiaan , Hemke Aline C. , de Jong Margriet F. C. , Kal-van Gestel Judith A. , Kho Marcia M. L. , Langereis Jeroen D. , van der Pant Karlijn A. M. I. , Ranzijn Claudia M. , Roelen Dave L. , Spierings Eric , Voorter Christina E. M. , van de Wetering Jacqueline , van Zuilen Arjan D. , Roodnat Joke I. , de Weerd Annelies E. 
  
TITLE=Novel Allocation Strategies Can Boost Kidney Exchange Programs: A Monte Carlo Simulation
  
JOURNAL=Transplant International
  
VOLUME=Volume 39 - 2026
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/transplant-international/articles/10.3389/ti.2026.15423
  
DOI=10.3389/ti.2026.15423
  
ISSN=1432-2277
  
ABSTRACT=Kidney exchange programs (KEPs) enhance access to living donor kidney transplantation. Nonetheless, transplant rates in KEP remain low for highly immunized and blood type O patients. In the Netherlands, a novel allocation algorithm is being implemented, allowing ABO-incompatible matching for long waiting patients, next to prioritization and ‘low-level’ HLA-incompatible matching for selected highly immunized patients. We simulated this novel algorithm along with additional scenarios, by using a retrospective, 6-year cohort of Dutch KEP. For each scenario, 30 simulations were repeated with Monte Carlo technique. The novel algorithm increased median KEP transplant rate for incompatible pairs (53% versus 44%, p < 0.001) and for difficult-to-match subgroups. HLA-incompatible matching increased transplant rate for selected highly immunized patients significantly, while participation with multiple donors per recipient did not. In additional simulations, including all non-KEP unspecified donors (n = 150) for local KEP participation increased transplant rate for incompatible pairs up to 64% (p < 0.001). Simulating additional KEP participation by compatible pairs (n = 149), on the condition a KEP match should have fewer HLA mismatches, resulted in 58% being matched in KEP. In conclusion, differential matching algorithms can boost KEP transplant rates, allowing incompatible matching for difficult-to-match subgroups, facilitating participation of unspecified donors, and optimizing the HLA matching of compatible pairs.